stripped 4561 - sarx {sarx}; probably from the base of 4563; flesh (as {stripped} of the skin), i.e. (strictly) the meat of an animal (as food), or (by extension) the body (as opposed to the soul [or spirit], or as the symbol of what is external, or as the means of kindred), or (by implication) human nature (with its frailties [physically or morally] and passions), or (specifically) a human being (as such): -- carnal(-ly, + -ly minded), flesh( [-ly]).
stripped 4661 - skulon {skoo'-lon}; neuter from 4660; something {stripped} (as a hide), i.e. booty: -- spoil.
stripped 5352 - phthinoporinos {fthin-op-o-ree-nos'}; from derivative of phthino (to wane; akin to the base of 5351) and 3703 (meaning late autumn); autumnal (as {stripped} of leaves): -- whose fruit withereth.